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What does binning mean? (Andor Technologies)
Gain
The gain for CCD and CMOS cameras controls theGain is the amplification factor applied to an input signal to adjust the amplitude of the signal output. In confocal imaging using PMTs, an input voltage signal may be multiplied by a positive gain factor to increase the voltage of the signal output and hence the brightness of the image on the monitor. In CCD and CMOS cameras 1X gain is defined as the standard number of photoelectrons assigned per ADU (analogue to digital unit); 2X gain is half the number of photoelectrons assigned per ADU, etc. Since decreasing the gain results in fewer electrons per ADU, the camera is more sensitive to low light levels.
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Long Working Distance (LWD) objective lenses
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Numerical Aperture (Wikipedia)
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Point-spread function (PSF)
In fluorescence microscopy a point source of excitation light is focused on the specimen as a diffraction limited spot, which, in the case of a high NA oil objective (NA=1.4 or above) will have a diameter of 200-300 nm, depending on the excitation wavelength. The blurred extended diffraction image is described by a point-spread function, and is a measure of image degradation. It can be determined by taking image stacks through sub-resolution fluorescent beads mounted in the same medium and emitting at a similar wavelength as fluorophores as the specimen. Alternatively, it can be calculated theoretically using the microscope control software or commercial algorithms.
Working Distance (WD)
The working distance is the distance from the front of the lens to the nearest surface of the coverslip when the specimen is in sharp focus. For objective lenses designed for use without a coverslip the surface of the culture vessel or specimen in used.
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