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Reference

CitationProvenance
Russel, D. Peplau, L. A., & Ferguson, M. L. (1978). Developing a Measure of Loneliness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 42, 290-294.https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4203_11

List of questions

Question numberQuestionOriginal 20-item versionCLS 4-item version
1I am unhappy doing so many things alone✓
2I have nobody to talk to✓
3I cannot tolerate being so alone✓
4I lack companionship✓✓
5I feel as if nobody really understands me✓
6I find myself waiting for people to call or write✓
7There is no one I can turn to✓
8I am no longer close to anyone✓
9My interests and ideas are not shared by those around me✓
10I feel left out✓✓
11I feel completely alone✓
12I am unable to reach out and communicate with those around me✓
13My social relationships are superficial✓
14I feel starved for company✓
15No one really knows me well✓
16I feel isolated from others✓✓
17I am unhappy being so withdrawn✓
18It is difficult for me to make friends✓
19I feel shut out and excluded by others✓
20People are around me but not with me✓
Items which are not included in the original version
21how often do you feel lonely? 
✓

Where it is used in CLOSER questionnaires/datasets

VersionStudyQuestionnaireDataset
4-item versionBCS70BCS70 Age 50 COVID 19 Survey - Wave 1BCS70 COVID-19 Survey in Five National Longitudinal Cohort Studies (2020) Wave 1 Dataset
4-item versionBCS70BCS70 Age 50 COVID 19 Survey - Wave 2BCS70 COVID-19 Survey in Five National Longitudinal Cohort Studies (2020) Wave 2 Dataset
4-item versionBCS70BCS70 Age 50 COVID 19 Survey - Wave 3BCS70 COVID-19 Survey in Five National Longitudinal Cohort Studies (2020) Wave 3 Dataset
4-item versionMCSMCS Age 20 Cohort Member COVID 19 Survey - Wave 1MCS Cohort Member COVID-19 Survey in Five National Longitudinal Cohort Studies (2020) Wave 1 Dataset
4-item versionMCSMCS Age 20 Parent COVID 19 Survey - Wave 1MCS Parent COVID-19 Survey in Five National Longitudinal Cohort Studies (2020) Wave 1 Dataset
4-item versionMCSMCS Age 20 Cohort Member COVID 19 Survey - Wave 2MCS Cohort Member COVID-19 Survey in Five National Longitudinal Cohort Studies (2020) Wave 2 Dataset
4-item versionMCSMCS Age 20 Parent COVID-19 Survey - Wave 2MCS Parent COVID-19 Survey in Five National Longitudinal Cohort Studies (2020) Wave 2 Dataset
4-item versionMCSMCS Age 20 Cohort Member COVID-19 Survey - Wave 3MCS Cohort Member COVID-19 Survey in Five National Longitudinal Cohort Studies (2020) Wave 3 Dataset
4-item versionMCSMCS Age 20 Parent COVID-19 Survey - Wave 3MCS Parent COVID-19 Survey in Five National Longitudinal Cohort Studies (2020) Wave 3 Dataset
4-item versionNCDSNCDS Age 62 COVID-19 Survey - Wave 1NCDS COVID-19 Survey in Five National Longitudinal Cohort Studies (2020) Wave 1 Dataset
4-item versionNCDSNCDS Age 62 COVID-19 Survey - Wave 2NCDS COVID-19 Survey in Five National Longitudinal Cohort Studies (2020) Wave 2 Dataset
4-item versionNCDSNCDS Age 62 COVID 19 Survey - Wave 3NCDS COVID-19 Survey in Five National Longitudinal Cohort Studies (2020) Wave 3 Dataset
4-item versionNext StepsNext Steps Age 30 COVID-19 Survey - Wave 1Next Steps COVID-19 Survey in Five National Longitudinal Cohort Studies (2020) Wave 1 Dataset
4-item versionNext StepsNext Steps Age 30 COVID-19 Survey (2020) - Wave 2Next Steps COVID-19 Survey in Five National Longitudinal Cohort Studies (2020) Wave 2 Dataset
4-item versionNext StepsNext Steps Age 30 COVID-19 Survey - Wave 3Next Steps COVID-19 Survey in Five National Longitudinal Cohort Studies (2020) Wave 3 Dataset
4-item versionNSHDNSHD 2020 COVID 19 Survey - Wave 1
4-item versionNSHDNSHD COVID-19 Survey - Wave 2
4-item versionNSHDNSHD COVID-19 Survey - Wave 3
4-item versionWCHADSPhase 15 Mother COVID Only Questionnaire
4-item versionWCHADSPhase 15 Mother COVID Retest
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