Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)

The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) (Radloff, 1977) is a 20-item scale designed to measure Depressive symptoms. Different versions of the scale have been created which include a subset of the original 20 items.

Reference

Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306

List of questions

Question number	Question	Original 20-item version
1	During the past week: I was bothered by things that usually don't bother me.	✓
2	During the past week: I did not feel like eating; my appetite was poor.	✓
3	During the past week: I felt that I could not shake off the blues even with help from my family or friends.	✓
4	During the past week: I felt that I was just as good as other people.	✓
5	During the past week: I had trouble keeping my mind on what I was doing.	✓
6	During the past week: I felt depressed.	✓
7	During the past week: I felt that everything I did was an effort.	✓
8	During the past week: I felt hopeful about the future.	✓
9	During the past week: I thought my life had been a failure.	✓
10	During the past week: I felt fearful.	✓
11	During the past week: My sleep was restless.	✓
12	During the past week: I was happy.	✓
13	During the past week: I talked less than usual.	✓
14	During the past week: I felt lonely.	✓
15	During the past week: People were unfriendly.	✓
16	During the past week: I enjoyed life.	✓
17	During the past week: I had crying spells.	✓
18	During the past week: I felt sad.	✓
19	During the past week: I felt that people dislike me.	✓
20	During the past week: I could not get "going."	✓

Use of this scale in CLOSER Discovery study questionnaires and datasets

Version	Study	Year	Questionnaire	Dataset
Original 20-item version	HEAF	2013-2014	HEAF Baseline	HEAF Baseline Dataset
Original 20-item version	HEAF	2014-2015	HEAF Follow-up 1	HEAF Follow-up 1 Dataset
Original 20-item version	HEAF	2015-2016	HEAF Follow-up 2	HEAF Follow-up 2 Dataset
Original 20-item version	HEAF	2016-2017	HEAF Follow-up 3	HEAF Follow-up 3 Dataset
Original 20-item version	HEAF	2017-2018	HEAF Follow-up 4	HEAF Follow-up 4 Dataset
Original 20-item version	Whitehall II	2007-2009	Health Survey 9	Whitehall II Phase 9 Heath Survey Self-Completion Dataset
Original 20-item version	Whitehall II	2012-2013	Health Survey 11	Whitehall II Phase 11 Heath Survey Self-Completion Dataset
Original 20-item version	Whitehall II	2015-2016	Health Survey 12	Whitehall II Phase 12 Heath Survey Self-Completion Dataset